Are aid programs helpful

Provision of aid programs to nations stricken by poverty has raised intense debate on the effectiveness of the practice in eradicating poverty. Proponents of the aid programs have lauded provision of aid as one of the most viable development steps that has seen many poor economies and needy nations all over the world gain wealth and grow towards economic stability.Advertising We will write a custom dissertation sample on Are aid programs helpful? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the other hand, those opposing the effectiveness of aid programs claim that it increases poverty levels since it creates dependence on aid and takes away the ability of a nation to become innovative and creative. Opponents also assert that aid programs to poor nations discourage hard work alongside creating dependency syndrome. Aid program is a concept that has been discussed in a wide perspective by several scholars (Mehrotra 2002, p. 531). For instanc e, the book entitled Just give money to the poor has raised a lot of concern on the rampant rising rate of poverty in Mozambique. According to the authors, one can quickly conclude that the gap between the poor and rich is rapidly widening irrespective of the rise in GDP especially in underdeveloped countries (Hanlon, Barrientos Hulme 2010, p. 6). It is notable that majority of the population in Mozambique has been caught up in the poverty cycle making it difficult for them to even own basic households. This book presents a convincing program on how to create a platform upon which poor families can build their firm financial future. In addition, the book calls for a dramatic simplification of the already existing measures of reducing poverty by the aid industry. In this case, it questions on the need for conditioning behavior that are related to money transfer program (Hanlon, Barrientos Hulme 2010, p.10). Therefore, the authors argue that the best way to decimate poverty it to mo tivate poor people by giving them money. It s imperative to note that the authors are emphasizing that giving financial aids to individuals who are poor should not be attached to any condition in order to ensure long-term development.Advertising Looking for dissertation on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Furthermore, Barrientos, Hulme and Hanlon (2010, p. 100) strongly support the provision of aid to the poor. They argue in their book Just Give Money to the Poor: The  Development Revolution from the Global South that provision of aid is an effective method of reducing the gap between the poor and rich economies. They add that without aid, the gap may continue to grow. The argument Barrientos, Hulme and Hanlon holds is indeed strong, but it is imperative to note that even with the massive achievements that aid programs have attained witnessed in the setting up of individuals and economies free from the gra sps of poverty in most parts of Asia, Africa and China, provision of aid has not been able to completely eradicate poverty. In fact, in some areas in Africa and china, the aid has done very little to eradicate poverty because it is done to nations that still have institutional problems like corruption and wars. An overview of global poverty The state of the global poverty is shocking. It appears that although key developments are recorded every year and aid programs are provided, levels of poverty are constantly moving up. The World Bank (2010, p. 46) reports that a greater percentage of the global population still wallow in poverty and survive on less than two and half US dollars per day. Further reports indicate that notably, about 40% of the total world population accounts for only 5% of the world incomes while the wealthiest 20% accounts for 75% of the global income (World Bank 2010, p. 46). The World Bank report continues to indicate that about 27-28% of all children are underw eight while 24,000 more lose their lives daily in the poorest regions of the globe. Issues underlying global poverty and provision of aid In a collaborative approach, Hanlon, Barrientos and Hulme (2010, p.23) develop the idea as the only effective strategy to develop and revolutionize poor countries. The authors also reflect on the fact that developing countries give financial aid to the less developed countries with conditions attached. Additionally, they closely supervise how the funds are managed just to make sure that they are not misappropriated. The idea of cash transfer to poorly developed countries has been controversial drawing sharp arguments from scholars and economists all over the globe. However, in this book, the authors appear to have no doubt on the merit of their suggestion. Having had a competent and readable compendium about poor countries through research, they hold a clear track record on how such counties can develop (Hanlon, Barrientos Hulme 2010, p. 45). To defend the claim they argue that their strategy is affordable.Advertising We will write a custom dissertation sample on Are aid programs helpful? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Moreover, in the book, they assert that whenever money is given to the poor countries freely, they will be able to manage it effectively without major cases of misappropriation. In line with this, there is an argument that such monetary or non monetary aid will relatively reduce the rate of poverty at the grass root level. That notwithstanding, foreign aid enhances economic growth as well as human development and also decimates the chances of lagging to poverty in future. Nevertheless, there are two controversial issues identified in the book. These include the concept of conditioning and targeting the beneficiaries (Hanlon, Barrientos Hulme 2010, p. 21). At this juncture, questions emerge as to whether the small grant should be given to many people and vice versa. Moreover, there is growing debate on whether the recipients should be made to satisfy certain conditions such as educating their children or engaging on voluntary labor. All the same, the authors’ argument seems to capture a wider scope of the historical picture. In their argument, they assert that CTs should be considered as the paradigm through which a shift or revolution from north to south will occur (Hanlon, Barrientos Hulme 2010, p. 44). In this case, they give a summary of the current state of CTs. the book also confirms that they are necessary since they target to enhance social protection and security for the aged people, disabled and children. Definitely, CTs trigger economic growth and development a factor that provide security for investment. Besides this, they also break the chains in which poverty inter-generate and hence boosts the welfare of the recipients in terms of education, nutrition and healthcare. All the same, the book makes it clear that CTs become beneficial only when they are nationally driven (Hanlon, Barrientos Hulme 2010, p.61). The authors point out that donors’ pressure appear to counter their productivity. In this case, the authors appear skeptical on how donors monitor CTs and raise and interesting opinion that poor countries should just be given money without donor conditions.Advertising Looking for dissertation on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the same note, the idea of cash transfer has globally been embraced especially in the third world countries. Abhijit Banerjee and Esther Duflo fictious book entitled Poor Economics: A Radical Rethinking of the Way to Fight Global Poverty presents a compelling argument that anti-poverty program could be effective to eliminate poverty. Nevertheless, the authors assert that this can only be achieved on the basis that the program must be properly designed to make it work properly (Duflo Banerjee 2011, p. 12). The authors in the book suitably engage in an investigation on the standard approaches that can best be used to eradicate poverty. In this book, the authors become cynical on the fact that economists are unable to eliminate poverty. Besides this, they explore through observations and experiments to find out how poor countries have coped to survive in poverty. For a long period the authors have worked closely with poor people in many countries in all the world continents (Duflo Banerjee 2011, p.52). They are keen to evaluate what the people know, their assumptions and how they can make choices out of poverty. From the authors’ perspective, there are some efforts that can be made both at private and public level to eradicate poverty. The authors are also suggestive that there are several facets of poverty. In the investigation, they get the idea why poor people should borrow funds for saving, start businesses that do not expand and other surprising facts related to poverty (Duflo Banerjee 2011, p. 36). Just like in the book â€Å"Just give money to the poor† this book argues that the battle against paucity can only be won only when effective strategies are applied. In line with this, the book analyze that there is need to have a passable understanding of poverty, patience and careful thinking (Duflo Banerjee 2011, p.102). Moreover, people might be willing to learn from haphazard control trials in order to derive effective approaches for fig hting poverty. Meghnad Desai who is an economist in London school reinforces the idea presented by Hanlon, Barientos and Hulme. Desai suggests that giving the poor a dollar per week would work better than overseas aids. He points out that the idea has been exercised in Mozambique especially among the flood and drought victims. Pronk (2001, p619) reinforces Desai idea and also highlight that effective methods should be formulated to ensure that such aids benefit the poor. However, Desai assert that conditions should be imposed on to recipient countries. In his opinion, such countries should be gender sensitive, encourage direct participation by the poor and also to uphold transparency (Desai 1992, p.64). Just like the authors Abhijit Banerjee and Esther Dufloin in the book Poor Economics, Desai argue that aid can only be effective if it is only allocated depending on individual poverty levels. He also emphasizes that it would be better to give money directly to the poor rather than g iving it to the governments (Desai, 1992 p64). Certainly, this would help the poor to get out of poverty whose behavior must be conditioned to ensure elaborate management of the funds. To sum up the arguments, it is apparent that aids program are essential since they help to raise the living standard of poor people in the third world countries. Nevertheless, there is need to have elaborate strategies through which funds will be managed to ensure that poor people develop economically and also to lay a firm foundation for their future Mehrotra 2002, p. 532). Malthusian theory: It is perhaps the works of Robert Malthus that first pointed at the problems that would result from abject poverty. Sen (2005, p. 153) reports that Malthus saw poverty as a factor of supply and demand largely based on food, prices and the ever growing number of people in the developing and poor nations. He indicated that poverty is indeed a natural phenomenon anchored on the rising population in the globe and hi ghly rigid food supplies. Furthermore, he noted that the best way to raise a society in poverty is by providing it with assistance in of aid programs. However, though Malthus was partially correct largely from the occurrences of his time, he only factored Charles Darwin’s consideration of natural selection, a reason that lacked the notion of posterity. Kaprov and Kaprov (2009, p. 234) argue that Malthus failed to appreciate the fact that modern times would see critical evolution of technology which would maximize land productivity, for instance through organic enrichments, irrigations and condensed foods such as carbohydrates and multivitamins. As global population continue to rise, hunger and poverty remain two interconnected thorny issues that are defying odds on how to effectively address. As such, provision of aid without proper measures to address eradication of poverty may not be helpful (Aar Claudio 2007, p. 380) Meghnad Desai view on Poverty as a structural failure I n his view, Meghnad Desai, a British economist considers poverty as a structural failure at institutional and community levels. Desai (1992, p. 64) argues in his publication Population and Poverty in Africa that poverty emerges in the society from a breakdown or malfunctioning of infrastructure at leadership and community level. He cites major disconnection between people and their leaders in countries with highest levels of poverty. In a country like Swaziland, poverty is defined by sheer failure of the administration with poor majority lacking hope in their administration and therefore only headed for more poverty (Desai 1992, p. 66). As such, providing financial aid where there are no proper institutional structures may not be beneficial in solving poverty issues. Causes of poverty: Most developing countries which form some of the poorest states have their histories tracing back to colonial era. According to Desai (1992, p. 70) poverty must be viewed as a negation of development and its application. Colonial-masters in developing countries were involved in two major aspects that created a roadmap which dipped many nations into massive poverty. To begin with, they took control of their hosts’ resources which they used to develop themselves alone. In India, South Africa and Kenya among other nations, the British government was largely interested in gathering raw materials while obstructing locals from getting either effective education or sustainable skills (World Bank 2010, p 61). By drawing away key resources, these nations have remained behind without resources to develop either infrastructure or human capacity. Providing them with aid might not be helpful since they need a long terms solution that will sustain them Though Marxists have defended this model of operation, ethical theorists have strongly condemned it indicating that colonial masters were ill motivated. Besides, Amidon (2010, p. 110) reports that many of the poorest nations directly ass umed a â€Å"colonial† system of administration that have seen them replace â€Å"colonial era administrators† with â€Å"local colonialists†. For instance, in India, large trucks of land and wealth is only held by the people in authority while the poor majority lack access to key basic needs. Poor leadership and corruption Poverty in the modern society must be viewed as a factor of leadership and its application in the community. Many countries living in absolute poverty appear to share a common factor called poor leadership. When a country assumes poor leadership, Desai (1992, p. 90) reports that it lacks the ability effectively prioritize essential aspects, creates ego-centric models and facilitates massive corruption. Ans and Rob-van (2006, p. 800) also report that in North Korea, development of citizens has been put as the third factor next to creation of weapons and their acquisition. People are therefore forced to go without basic needs as leaders conside r it less important. Leadership in other states such as Uganda and Sudan has focused on resources towards maintaining leadership and power in family lines. In Uganda, the president’s wife, children and relatives are fixed to key ministerial and administrative positions, a factor that undermines creativity and competitiveness (Desai 1992, p. 70). The focus of this form of leadership becomes aligned to defending these positions as opposed to creating room addressing poverty. Corruption has become a common occurrence in many developing nations. As a result, development becomes a mirage as key resources are diverted for personal gains. In Nigeria, the late president Sani Abacha took away millions of dollars from the government for his personal and family use. Countries with high corruption levels such as Afghanistan, Burundi, Central African Republic and Yemen have recorded high levels of poverty (Desai 1992, p. 70). Current efforts to address poverty Kaprov and Kaprov (2009, p. 234) argue that addressing poverty is indeed one of the most difficult tasks in the globe. International community has provided aids over the years in form of finances, food and even technical capacity in different aspects of the society. However, provision of aids has been criticized of failure to invoke major creativity that can be used to totally liberate these communities from poverty. In addition, institutions such as World Bank and United Nations run key programs on education, health and development to reduce poor health and leverage self-dependence. Even though aid programs may not be helpful, a major effort that cannot go unnoticed is the use of force to facilitate good governance in poor nations. Joh and Kurt (2007, p. 380) report that sanctions in nations such as North Korea, Zimbabwe and Iran have been applied with an intention of reviving leaders’ consideration of poverty and its alleviation. However, although these efforts have indeed been well intended, they hav e most often than not met equal and perhaps greater resistance and have yielded defiance from leaders such as Robert Mugabe of Zimbabwe and his counterpart of Iran, President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad (Duflo Banerjee 2011, 132). It is from this consideration that a new model of addressing poverty without actually giving money and aid programs is indeed required urgently to avoid plunging the globe into a major disaster. There is also need to develop a better approach towards addressing poverty that incorporates the local communities. It is particularly critical that local communities should be supported in fighting poverty as opposed to models of provision of aid programs which fade with time as people slide back to poverty. Finally, it is imperative for leadership to be improved through facilitating democratic ideologies, empowering women and improving literacy levels. References Aar, K Claudio, R 2007, ‘Poverty traps, aid and growth’. Journal of Development Economics, vo l. 82 no. 2, pp. 315-347. Amidon, A 2010, Poverty, ABDO Group, Washington Ans, K Rob-van, T 2006, ‘Poverty alleviation as business strategy? Evaluating commitments of frontrunner Multinational Corporations’, World Development, vol. 34 no. 5, pp. 789-801. Desai, M 1992, ‘Population and Poverty in Africa’, African Development Review, vol 4 no 1, pp 63–78 Duflo, E Banerjee, A 2011, Poor Economics: a radical rethinking of the way to fight global poverty, Public Affairs, New York. Hanlon, J, Barrientos, A Hulme, D 2010,.Just Give Money To The poor: The Development Revolution from the Global South. Kumarian Press, VA. Harrison, A 2007, Globalization and poverty, University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Joh, I Kurt, J 2007 ‘Income poverty and material hardship: How strong is the association?’Journal of Socio-Economics, vol. 36 no. 3, pp. 376-396. Kaprov, R Kaprov, S 2009, Master the GED 2010, Peterson’s Publishing Inc. McGraw-Hill Inte rnational, New Jersey. Mehrotra, S 2002, â€Å"International Development Targets and Official Development assistance†, Development and change, vol33 no 3, pp 529-38. Pronk, J 2001, â€Å"Aid as a catalyst†, Development and change, vol32 no 4, pp611-29. Sandra, S 2010, Parents, children, young people and the state, Upper Saddle River, Sage, New Jersey. Sen, A 2005, ‘Human rights and capabilities’, Journal of Human Development vol. 6 no. 2, pp.151–166. World Bank, 2010, World development report 2010: development and climate change, World Bank, New York. This dissertation on Are aid programs helpful? was written and submitted by user Teagan E. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Criminal evidence problem question (2000 words) Essays

Criminal evidence problem question (2000 words) Essays Criminal evidence problem question (2000 words) Essay Criminal evidence problem question (2000 words) Essay Condemnable grounds job inquiry ( 2000 words ) In this scenario, there are three fatal accidents affecting the consecutive married womans of Tom. The first involves Alice, who is stabbed to decease by an interloper ; the 2nd involves Barbara who is shot by a individual at the front door ; and the 3rd relates to Charlotte who drowns in her bath. On the occasions of all three of these accidents or slayings, Tom has been in the detention of the constabulary for assorted offenses. The job is concerned with two farther histrions in the scenario, Enid and Diane, who live together in a civil partnership, and a 10 twelvemonth old kid, Fay, every bit good as Fay’s sister’s fellow and the three detention officers who have dealt with Tom on the three occasions outlined supra. There are, so, assorted issues associating to grounds in this affair which need to be considered, including what type of grounds has been produced by the assorted parties ( that is, whether it is hearsay ) and whether that type of grounds is admissible in a condemnable test, the competency of the assorted histrions to move as informants in the instance, and the liability of each of the suspects. Tom, so, is the accustomed hubby whose three back-to-back married womans meet with their deceases in similar fortunes, and each of whom leave their gaming widowman considerable heritages. Of class, in each of the three slayings, Tom is in the detention of the constabulary, and hence has an alibi for himself. He is non, hence, a suspect in really commiting the slayings. The jobs here relate to what grounds Tom can supply, or which relates to Tom, which would be admissible for the Crown Prosecution Service to utilize when prosecuting him. The legal load of cogent evidence, of class, rests with the prosecuting officer in condemnable instances, as per the taking instance ofWoolmington V DPP( 1935 ) . The first inquiry is whether Tom is a competent informant ; that is, can he be called upon to give witness grounds. The reply to this inquiry will associate to the fact that Tom has been inebriated at the times in inquiry. Aside from this, nevertheless, there is nil to forestall him being a competent informant. A farther possible debatable issue is the competency of Fay to give grounds. Of class, in the scenario, it is Fay’s grounds that is the anchor to turn outing the blameworthiness of the parties. Fay is 10 old ages old. The relevant statute law here is theYouth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999. Section 53 ( 1 ) of the Act provides that at every phase in condemnable proceedings all individuals are ( whatever their age ) competent to give evidence. This would propose, so, that Fay is able to supply grounds to the tribunal of her narrative. The fact that she is merely 10, nevertheless, may be considered to be ground to doubt her competency. As such, the trial of competency set down in subdivision 53 ( 3 ) will hold to be satisfied. It will be for the tribunal to see whether Fay meets the trial of intelligible testimony . Under subdivision 56 of the Act, Faye will be presumed to be competent to give unsworn grounds, because she is under the age of 14. Assuming, so, that the parties are considered competent to give apprehensible testimony in tribunal, so, the undermentioned inquiry relates to the compellability of the informants. It is normally the instance that where a individual is competent, they will besides be compellable. A compellable informant is one who can be made to give grounds as a affair of jurisprudence and failure to make so may ensue in that informant being held to be in disdain of tribunal. The two exclusions to this general regulation, which may hold an impact in this scenario, relate to the suspect, and the defendant’s partner. Enid, Tom and Dick are all suspects in the instance of Charlotte’s slaying. Under subdivision 53 ( 1 ) of the YJCEA 1999, as mentioned above, a suspect is a competent informant in his or her defense mechanism at every phase of the proceedings. This does non intend, nevertheless, that the suspect is compellable ; he or she does non hold to give grounds in denfence as other in formants do. This is a right enshrined in subdivision 1 ( 1 ) of theCriminal Evidence Act 1898. None of the three suspects in the present instance, so, are compelled to give grounds in their ain defense mechanism, although they may make. The place is different, nevertheless, in relation to grounds for the prosecution. None of the three are considered to be competent informants for the prosecution. Under subdivision 53 ( 4 ) of the YCJEA, a co-accused can non give grounds for the prosecution while the proceedings to which he is a party are go oning. In other words, Enid can non give grounds for the prosecution against Tom or Dick, nor can Tom be called upon to give grounds against Enid or Dick, and Dick can non give grounds against his co-accused. Dick, so, can non be called upon by the CPS to give grounds in relation, for illustration, to the meetings with Tom in the saloon instantly anterior to each of the slayings. The state of affairs would alter if one of the accused ceased to be a party to the proceedings, that is if they were acquitted, or sentenced, or else they made a successful supplication of no instance to reply. A farther issue associating to grounds which the CPS will hold to see is that of grounds of the co-defendants’ character. Evidence of good character on the portion of the suspects will ever be admissible, for the intents of demoing that the suspect in inquiry is non the type of individual to perpetrate the offense in inquiry. In this instance, the absence, for illustration, of condemnable records on the parts of Tom and Enid would be admissible. The attack to grounds of good character was set out inR V Vye and Other ( 1993 ). In this instance it was held that where the suspect has no past strong beliefs, he may profit from a good character way. If the test justice does non give a good character way on the apart of any of the suspects, this may be sufficient evidences for entreaty at a ulterior phase. The other side of this, nevertheless, is the inquiry of bad character. This is now governed by Part II of theCriminal Justice Act 2003. These commissariats, which came into force in December 2004, extend well the evidences on which grounds of a defendant’s bad character can be admissible. Previously, grounds of bad character was inadmissible for intents of demoing that the suspect was capable of perpetrating the offense in inquiry. The concluding behind this is clearly that in a justness system that places the load of cogent evidence in condemnable instances on the prosecution, abducing bad character grounds disproportionately slanted in favor of the prosecution at the disbursal of the suspect. Under the new government, this is non the instance. Section 98 of the CJA 2003 defines bad character grounds as evidence of, or of a temperament towards, misconduct on his portion other than grounds which ( a ) has to make with alleged facts of the offense with which the suspect is char ged, or ( B ) is grounds of misconduct in connexion with the probe or prosecution of that offence. In this instance, so, it may be possible to abduce grounds of Tom’s past gaming and imbibing jobs ; or of Enid’s money-earning undertakings ; or so of Dick’s character. A farther statutory proviso that will be of relevancy to the issue of bad character grounds is that contained in subdivision 101 ( 1 ) CJA 2003. This is concerned with gateways’ through which grounds of a defendant’s bad character can be admitted. This can be if all the parties agree to it being admissible ( which is, of class, unlikely where it is likely to damage the defendants’ instance ) , where it is of import explanatory grounds, or where it is relevant to an of import affair in issue between the suspect and the prosecution. In this scenario, the huge bulk of the grounds which the CPS will seek to abduce to help in their prosecution is classed as hearsay grounds. This means there are of import effects in relation to its admissibility and probatory value. First, hearsay grounds is second-hand grounds. In the present context, it will originate because the chief informants, including Fay, George, and Diane, have merely second-hand cognition of the affairs about which they will be attesting. Whoever is attesting, it is likely that much of what they say will hold been passed to them by another individual who is non in tribunal, instead than something that they have first-hand cognition and experience of. The general regulation about rumor grounds is that it is inadmissible in a condemnable test, unless it falls within one of the common jurisprudence or statutory exclusions. In the instance ofR V Kearley( 1992 ) , hearsay grounds was described as any statement other than one made by a individual while giving unwritten grounds in the proceedings is inadmissible to turn out the truth of any fact stated in it. There are three elements to grounds that is deemed to be hearsay. The first is that it must be contained in a statement , whether this is a written or unwritten statement, or even by a gesture of the informant harmonizing to the 19th century instance ofR V Gibson( 1887 ) . Second, the statement must hold been made at a clip other than when the informant was giving grounds in tribunal in the present proceedings. Finally, the statement must be put in grounds strictly to turn out the truth of affairs in issue, and non for any other intent. As has been mentioned, so, it is clear that much of the grounds that the CPS will seek to abduce in the present scenario will number as rumor, and will hence be inadmissible, unless it falls within one of the exclusions to the regulation. These exclusions exist at both common jurisprudence and statutory jurisprudence. It is possible that the grounds would fall under theRESs gestaeregulation, as set down in the instance ofR V Andrews( 1987 ) . This regulation states that a statement may be admissible if it was made at or sufficiently near the clip of incident in inquiry. Although this originated as a common jurisprudence exclusion to the rumor regulation, it has now been preserved under subdivision 118 of theCriminal Justice Act 2003. It is, so, possible that the grounds of certain of the informants, including Diane, George and the detention officers will be admissible because their statements were made sufficiently contemporaneously to the committee of the offenses. The other statuto ry exclusion to the rumor regulation is contained in subdivision 9 of theCriminal Justice Act 1967, and relates to situations where witnesses’ statements are read to the tribunal in the absence of the informant provided that it has been signed and authenticated by that informant. There are, so, a figure of complex issues which the CPS will hold to turn to in the scenario in relation to the grounds that they seek to abduce in their prosecution of Dick, Tom and Enid. They will necessitate to see whether grounds associating to the old slayings of Tom’s foremost two married womans can be adduced in order to demo a leaning for the slaying of Charlotte which is in issue, and whether they can utilize much of the grounds because of its nature as rumor. Bibliography Legislative acts Criminal Evidence Act 1898 Criminal Justice Act 1967 Criminal Justice Act 2003 Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 Cases R V Andrews [ 1987 ] AC 281 R V Gibson [ 1887 ] LR 18 QBD R V Kearley [ 1992 ] 2 AC 228 R V Vye and Others ( 1993 ) 97 Cr App R 134 Woolmington V DPP [ 1935 ] AC 463 Secondary beginnings Hannibal, M. and Mountford, L. ( 2005 )Condemnable Litigation( Oxford: OUP ) Munday, R. ( 2005 )Evidence( Oxford: OUP ) Roberts and Zuckerman ( 2005 )Condemnable Evidence( Oxford: OUP )

Assignment paper week 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assignment paper week 1 - Essay Example SJM is a model company in its diversification efforts, but practice will have to catch up with policy in the time that is needed for people’s attitudes and behaviors to gradually adapt to change. St. Jude Medical (SJM) is an American company that develops medical technology products and services, with the objective of advancing the practice of medicine by reducing risk and increasing the chances of success for the patient. Headquartered in St. Paul, Minn., the company has 20 international offices and markets its products in more than 100 countries (SJM, 2012). The position of SJM on diversity and inclusion is embodied in its Equal Employment Opportunity Policy, which encompasses all its employees and applicants for employment as far as concerns, the hiring, placement, promotion, demotion, terminations, transfer, recruiting, advertising, treatment during employment, selection for training, and compensation (SJM, 2012). The company presently employs more than 16,000 people in both its U.S. and overseas operations, and as a multinational corporation, it is committed to a program of diversity in its workforce. Organizational diversity and inclusion is crucial to advancing SJM’s collective knowledge base, as well as creates an environment wherein employees may grow and develop their full potentials (SJM 2011 Annual Report). Diversity in SJM is taken seriously because the company sees it not only as a matter of compliance with affirmative action mandates, but also as a source of creativity, innovation, and other possibilities. SJM is aware that diversity/inclusion efforts do not redound solely to the employee’s benefit, but also to the benefit of the individual. Thus the firm has set up a Diversity and Inclusion Steering Committee in its U.S. Sales Division, and it provides domestic partner benefits to employees in same-sex couple relationships. Furthermore, SJM professes inclusion as a